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A seizure is the transient occurrence of signs or symptoms due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to a disturbance of consciousness, behaviour, emotion, motor function or sensation. Based on the type of behavior and brain activity, seizures are divided into two broad categories: generalised and partial (the...

Sleepiness is caused by abnormal sleep quantity or sleep quality. Disorders characterised by hypersomnolence (sleepiness) during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., idiopathic hypersomnolence; narcolepsy; and Kleine-Levin Syndrome) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g.,...

Tinnitus is a ringing, hissing, roaring, clicking, chirping or humming sound in your ear(s) when there is no such sound in the room and no one else around you can hear it. The sound can be low, moderate to severe in intensity. It can be low-pitched...

Bacteria are living organisms and like every living organism, they have a biological directive to grow, reproduce, and survive. Every surface of the body and almost all of the gastrointestinal tract is covered by...

Febrile convulsions or febrile seizures can be frightening for parents. Their beautiful, otherwise healthy young child suddenly loses consciousness and involuntary muscular contractions (convulsions). While febrile convulsions may look violent, they are rarely serious and actually quite common. The best way for parents of infants and young children to prepare...

Hepatitis is a generic term that describes inflammation of the liver. There are various forms of hepatitis and a variety of causes, such as alcohol and various toxins. However, when most people discuss hepatitis, they usually describe viral...

Scientific perspectives on happiness differs depending on who is conducting the research. When you ask physicians about the happiness, they look at health-related outcomes such as quality of life and health promotion. Neuroscientists say that happiness resides in the orbitofrontal cortex. Economists look mostly at how much a person makes and...

Deep brain stimulation is an increasingly popular, effective and safe procedure typically carried out to correct or compensate for abnormal signalling in the relevant brain regions1. It is applied to severe cases of neurological disorder that do not...

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious illness that affects the respiratory system including the nose, throat, and lungs. Most influenza infections cause a mild to moderate illness, but in some cases—and especially in susceptible...

Hashimoto’s disease, also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is a type of autoimmune disease that it caused by the body turning on its own tissues. For people with this disease, their immune system attacks their thyroid specifically, which can lead to a condition known as hypothyroidism; meaning insufficient thyroid hormone production....